Poverty in the United States

The neediness edge of the United States (U.S) shows that a surmised of (13-17) level of the United States’ populace fall beneath the destitution line. This means 39.1 million needy individuals. Those living in the provincial territories are more unfortunate contrasted with those in rural areas.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Poverty in the United States explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has been discovered that the neediness is a cyclic procedure differing with time. The level goes here and there paying little heed to age, area, or family size. It is amusing that as poor as the nation seems to be, it enrolls the most noteworthy number of migrants per annum. Deficient crucial learning, a wide hole between the wages of the o-level students and the experts, among others, are a portion of the refered to reasons for the destitution, yet absence of work is the main driver. As indicated by Adams, the United States has neglected to make enoug h employments for its kin (2001). Countless its populace is jobless. It is from a vocation where the Americans should get their salary, which thus builds up the nation beginning from the family level. One can decide to make his/her own activity or in any case select to be utilized. In U.S, not many have their own business to assimilate the jobless, and this influences a lot of the American youth. The youngsters are a lot of fiery and imaginative and given the chance, they can create and change the circumstance of a nation. Since the converse is the opposite is the situation in U.S, joblessness remains the main driver of its neediness. On the off chance that a nation could figure out how to give fundamental instruction to the greater part its kin, destitution could show up no place in the nation. Bradley says that countless the kids in United States do not have the natural information (2003). There exist a positive connection among's training and business, which thus relates with des titution. It seems like a culture in America where kids get the command to pick among recreation and training. Greater part incline toward the previous to the last mentioned. Any business concentrates much on the instructive foundation of a willing representative before giving him/her the activity. On account of U.S, endless never meet all requirements for the occupations regardless of whether the open door emerges as a result of their poor learning foundations. This brings the explanation with respect to why learned outsiders are ever making sure about the couple of occupations leaving the American excess. When they secure them, they extend their own nations as opposed to U.S and subsequently its high neediness levels. Another issue related with destitution in the U.S is the high government charges. Dominant part of the utilized individuals in U.S are outsiders and not residents of the nation. As it is the situation for any utilized individual, he/she is obligated of tax collection by the administration. The couple of utilized U.S residents endure the high expenses however their pay rates are similarly high.Advertising Looking for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Hacker, they can't, build up their nation, yet in addition themselves (2006). The rest of the classification of utilized non-residents encounters a twofold tax collection. They pay charges for both U.S and their nations allowing them not even to inspire U.S, which is left more unfortunate than previously. Taking everything into account, it is regularly mixed up that satisfactory food and great heath offices can wipe out neediness. This isn't the situation in light of the fact that in U.S, these are there yet destitution despite everything wins. Endeavors have been made to improve the scholastic offices of the nation however outsiders just appreciate these administrations and thus secure the accessible employments rendering the American jobless. This joblessness makes the United States a poor nation. Reference List Adams, J., Pearlie, S. (2001). Managing Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Bradley, D. (2003). Determinants of Relative Poverty in Advanced Capitalist Democracies: American Sociological Review. 68(3), 22-51. Programmer, J. (2006). The Great Risk Shift: The New Insecurity and the Decline Of The American Dream. New York: Oxford University Press. This paper on Poverty in the United States was composed and put together by client Arnim Zola to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Different Dissertation

Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings with Different Ductility Classes Using EC8 and EC2 - Dissertation Example The paper tells that throughout the years bit by bit there have been more noteworthy headways in the different solid structures and measures that can be applied for the development of structures. In the current occasions, in this way, the quality hypothesis is altogether considered in building developments. Burden factors have been seen as vital for the assurance of the solid structures utilized for the development purposes. The quality hypothesis centers around a definitive quality structure that utilizes inelastic strains subsequently circulating the pressure of burdens consistently. The idea of fortified cement was first started in Japan during the 1950s. Anyway in the underlying occasions, the utilization of the RC structures was not considered as huge, a circumstance that has adjusted in the current occasions. Considering regular cataclysms like the seismic tremor, it is fundamental that the built structures depend on such materials that are fit for opposing such disasters. Plia bility or strength of the solid structures assumes a huge job in such manner. Anyway acquiring the important solid structures may require the utilization of cutting edge innovations that on occasion might be hard for creating nations to accomplish. Strengthened solid materials are effectively accessible just as they are conservative in nature. Its trademark firmness offers productive help to the built structures in circumstances of seismic tremors. Harms, as it were, can be diminished through such measures. (Dowrick, 2009, p.367). Auxiliary Eurocodes speak to the specialized standards should have been followed while determination and development of structures. There are various such Eurocodes of which Eurocode 2 is related with the plan of the solid structures and Eurocode 8 is related with the arrangements of plan for seismic tremor opposition of structures (Beckett and Alexandrou, 1997, p.2). These Eurocodes are basic for the assurance of the pliability of the solid structures hen ce empowering the structures to be open minded to seismic tremors, which is an essential worry of the present investigation. Along these lines a general review on the RC developments mirror that it is important to include such solid structures in building developments for the security and insurance of the structures from seismic tremors that additionally rely upon the malleability of the structure. 1.2. Point and Objectives: The essential point of the present investigation is to find out about the seismic reaction of fortified solid casing structures with various flexibility classes utilizing EC8 and EC2, these being the two of a few types of Eurocodes associated with development of structures. So as to lead the previously mentioned examination, the accompanying targets have been set with the end goal that a point by point investigation and comprehension might be accomplished. The targets are: To find out about the conduct of RC structures under a seismic burden To direct a seismic investigation of the RC structures utilizing techniques like the Equivalent Static Method, and Response Spectrum Method To improve the examination including contextual investigations on 4-story-3-straight RC structures with various degrees of flexibility To lead a plan keep an eye on the basic components of the built structures To make a few suggestions while closing after the examination and investigation 1.3. Procedure: The investigation includes a subjective research dependent on optional sources. Subjective research procedures don't include any numerical figures for the investigation however centers around a nitty gritty comprehension of the concerned theme dependent on encounters and assessments of various people (Creswell, 2003, p.18). Auxiliary sources are alluded to the sources that are not novel but rather are gotten from considers directed before by various creators or experimenters (Hamilton, 2005, p.4). The current examination has centers around auxiliary acrid

Real Estate Investment Lessons from Analyzing Grant Cardone

Real Estate Investment Lessons from Analyzing Grant Cardone Real estate business is one of the most lucrative businesses on the market right now. If you are good enough, you can really make a lot of money.But, if it were that easy, everyone would do it, right?That is true, and that is why we are here today, to help you enter the real estate business on your own and try to make a fortune for yourself and your family.And there is no better way to learn these things than to get an overview of one of the most successful real estate entrepreneurs out there, Grant Cardone, who have managed to amass great wealth almost single-handedly.So, strap it and let us see who Grant Cardone is and why he is so important when it comes to real estate business.WHO IS GRANT CARDONE?If you are new in the field of real estate investments, then you are probably wondering who Grand Cardone is. So, let us find out!Grant Cardone is an American real estate investor, who managed to fight his way up the top real estate people ladder and become one of the most successful an d known people in the field.He did it with hard work and a lot of commitment, which, of course, wasn’t a pet walk, and oh boy, he still managed to pull through and live his dream.Early LifeGrant Cardone was born on March 21, 1958, in the state of Louisiana, where he lived with his mother and father.His father has always taught him to be hard-working and to value family above everything else in life because eventually, love of the people close to you is what really matters.To Grant, his father was the role model, the person who he glorified and respected above everyone else, which already tells us what kind of person Grand Cardone is.When he was 10-year-old, his father suddenly passed away due to heart attack and because of that, their happy lifestyle vanished as well, because his father was the person who provided for his family by himself and his mother was not the same after the tragedy.She started to live in constant fear of losing everything they had; no matter how little it w as at some point, so she had been focusing more on saving the money than earning additional income.As for Grant himself, he was also very struck with by his father’s death, because he lost the most important person who guided him that far, and it is never easy for boys to grow up without their fathers because, no matter how good parent mother is, there are some things that boys could only learn from the male figure.That said, without a person to guide him through life, Grant had some problems with the police and law, as well as with drugs.We can say that at some point in his life, he was in a very rebellious state of mind, to say at least.During his college years, his drug addiction became really bad and he himself said that every day he would wake up and decide not to use it, but after just several minutes, he would change his mind and take the drugs anyway.Because of that, he hung out with some very bad people and eventually got into a big fight and was almost killed. His face a nd body were so deformed that even his own mother wasn’t able to identify him.At the age of 25, he finally admitted to himself that he needed to get professional help, so he went and completed the treatment.After that, he promised to himself that he would get better and completely change his life upside down.He started working jobs he didn’t quite enjoy, mostly sales, more specifically selling the cars, because he wanted to experience the feeling of doing jobs he didn’t like, so when he really finds something he enjoys, he could turn around and say how he managed to live through the worst of the worst.Professional LifeAs we have mentioned, Grant did go to college, managed to graduate with a Bachelor degree in Accounting, after which he started working as a salesman, because he never truly liked being an accountant.Since he hated the car sales job, he was determined to save all the money he had been earning and eventually he managed to save a large amount of money to invest in real estate business, which is the field for which he became really famous.After he has already gotten a lot of success, he started to do some additional things.He started to write books, organize meetings and sales training, since he was one of the top 5% of the car salesman at the time, so he had enough experience in that regard.Right now, at the age of 60, Cardone is one of the most popular and internationally acclaimed sales trainers out there, with several Fortune 500 businesses, a lot of small firms and individual entrepreneurs in his pocket.His books “The 10X Rule” and “If You’re Not First, You’re Last” became one of the most selling books about how to achieve great success in real estate business.Apart from that, he has managed to build a huge real estate empire, with a total worth of around $900 million.His main business, Cardone Capital, is tasked with covering a lot of properties across the entire United States, with the total worth of transaction of around $8 00 million.So, let us examine what real estate strategies did he use and how do they work.HOW DOES IT WORK?The main reasons Grant Cardone is so interested in investing in a real estate business is because of the specific nature of the real estate market and its ability to be much more stable when it comes to evaluating the property when we compare it to the very volatile nature of the equity market and cash flow in general.It is like that because real estate market offers some benefits that come in different forms, like the rent, amortization of the property, tax policy that includes depreciation and the possibility to leverage your sales, in which case it is possible to get the property cheaper and sell it for a much higher price.The way it works is that Cardone’s organization raises the money from the people by having public equity funds that are used in a way where individual investors could buy shares or even units.Then, all the money that was collected goes the same way and i s used to buy certain properties that look promising and which could possibly be sold to generate additional income.All the earnings are then distributed amongst all investors and they usually choose to get paid on monthly basis through the dividend options.As for the purposes of maintaining those properties, Grant Cardone offers complete liberty to the investors when it comes to that topic.He himself manages everything regarding the maintenance, which is very useful to the individual investors, because they could just not think about that and focus on getting that monthly income from their investments, without losing the focus on their main jobs.That fact can be used to build up your own wealth in a long term, without having to quit your current job and doing the investment on the sides, which is very important for the people who don’t want to leave their main jobs and just focus on the real estate investments.WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM GRANT CARDONE?Now that we have explained in sho rt how Grant Cardone’s formula works, let us get into the real thing by analyzing it with more depth.1. Real Estate Investment as Side BusinessThe very first thing we have to notice here is that Grant Cardone didn’t start doing this job by fully focusing on it and putting it as his main business.Instead, he did it on a side, slowly building it over time and growing it to become a massive real estate empire.Cardone decides to get into real estate investment because he wanted to get some additional income for himself and his main business, which was the sales consulting company.One funny thing that happened was an interview he had with the Bigger Pockets Podcast, where he had explained how “broke” he was every time he would come to get some amount of money because he would immediately have to put that money into his real estate business.He did say that those companies he invested the money did prove to be very lucrative and got him a lot of money, but still, he said that no ma tter how much money they bring back, there is always something else to invest in, so he would always end up broke either way.In the end, he does admit that without his real estate investment, he wouldn’t be able to preserve some of his other businesses, because they wouldn’t be enough to provide enough money to suffice themselves.2. Start Early to Learn About Real Estate InvestmentGrant Cardone claims that if you want to be in a real estate sector, you have to start as early as possible, so you could learn everything you need to know about it, in order to become very successful real estate investor.He says that, even though he had graduated and got his Bachelor degree in Accounting, he actually did not learn anything useful about real estate investment during his college years, but only through practical work in the sector.Before his father had passed away, they would go around the neighborhood together and look for promising properties they could get and get a nice return on in vestment.Even after his father died, he continued doing the same and managed to learn how to get a good deal on a certain property.He learned from different real estate agents and got the basic knowledge of how net operating income works.One very interesting thing is that he says he has never read a book about real estate investing at all, and that he has learned everything through practical experience on the field.That allowed him to meet a lot of people, both influential and regular, to learn how they think, how to act in front of different types of people and how to eventually close lucrative deals.3. Acquiring Your First PropertyWhen you are starting any business, it is important that you are very careful about anything, especially what to do and how to do it.In real estate business, it is very important to start good, so you would have to choose your first investment carefully, so you wouldn’t waste all the money you have saved in order to start the business.Apart from that, it could take you a lot of time to save some money to even begin with, in case you don’t already have some savings before you decide to enter real estate business.Grant Cardone started his very own real estate business at the age of 29 when he was sure he learned enough about it and saved enough money to invest in the type of property he wanted.His first investment was a house fit for a single family in Houston. It turned out to be very lucrative at first, but when the tenants decided to leave, he had a hard time to find new people, because he also had to work his main job and he didn’t want to waste too much time on proper searching.Before he lost all the money he invested, he decided to sell the house and promised to himself never to buy the same type of property ever again.4. Don’t Rush to Expand Your Portfolio too FastPeople have always wanted to have a lot of money and to get rich as fast as possible, but that is not how business works.Even in real estate investment busin ess, it is not recommended to try to rush things and earn money as fast as possible.Instead, what you should do is monitor the real estate market and try to take advantages of some positive situations.That way, you could really strike some lucrative deals, depending on the actual demand for certain types of properties.After his first experience with single family house, Grant Cardone didn’t jump right into the train to get a new property. Instead, he waited for several years to get another property for himself.He managed to get more money to invest and learned a lot more than he had previously known during that time period.His second investment was a property suited for not just a single family, but for more people.It was seated in San Diego and it cost him $1.9 million. It might sound too much, but he did manage to reduce the price for around $350,000.He got his next property just a month later.Over time, he managed to get more and more properties and in 2012 he managed to get re cognized as the person who had the largest private portfolio in Florida, with over a thousand complexes with the total worth of around $58 million.5. Financing Your BusinessIn order for you to become a successful investor, you would have to have a very stable source of income to finance your business.So, let us see what Grant Cardone did when it comes to financing his real estate empire because as you might have guessed, he needs a lot of money to do this.During an interview with Joe Fairless, in March 2015, Grant Cardone was invited to talk about the topic of the best real estate investing advice.Cardone said that only 2% of his entire portfolio is in the hands of external partners, out of which 99% of them are his close friends or members of his family.What he claims, is that the majority of his business is financed by his own money, through Cardone’s Capital and traditionally by using bank loans.This is a very important thing to notice because it shows us how crucial it is to h ave a business that is self-sustaining or supported by your other businesses if you have them.That way you would be able to evade the huge debts and focus on expanding your real estate business.WHAT IS THE PROBLEM WITH GRANT CARDONES METHOD?Now that we have gone over the lessons Grant Cardone taught us, let us examine some negative aspects of his method and value the opinions of other people who don’t think Cardone’s method could be useful to everyone, but only to the people who already got some capital to invest into the real estate business.Those people claim that Grant Cardone’s method is not friendly towards ‘No Money Down’ type of investing, which is basically true if we consider all the facts stated in this text.Ben Leybovich and a couple of others says that no one can say that Cardone’s method doesn’t work at all, since there are a lot of positive examples, but they do say that a lot of people who would want to start their business in real estate investment simp ly doesn’t have enough money to apply Cardone’s method.Grant’s Opinion About ‘No Money Down’?Grant Cardone, and the people who think the same as he does, claim that ‘No Money Down’ is not a true way of investing, because real investing should be done differently.He believes the continuous investment of capital is the most important attribute of what the word investment actually means.And there is not much to argue about it since there are a lot of examples of how a large number of successful investors managed to succeed by using Cardone’s method to get rich.Those people applied the following formula:First, they would start some business they like;Then, they would grow and expand that business, so it would grant them a large amount of money;And lastly, they would use that money, to buy some property which looks promising in the matter of being potentially profitable. That is done because money itself is taxed very highly, while some forms of property are taxed much lo wer so you would save a lot of money and have stable cash flow at the same time.IS THERE AN ALTERNATIVE TO CARDONES METHOD?Now, that all looks nice and shiny, but the statistics say that perhaps 1 in a 1000 people who use Cardone’s method actually succeed in their intentions, because it is not easy to do that and not everyone is capable of creating the successful business, because they either don’t have enough money, to begin with or they simply lack the knowledge required for it.That’s why those people are looking for an alternative, which is ‘No Money Down’ method, which is very useful and helpful to a lot of people.Real estate investing doesn’t require you to be a genius, but rather know some basic things about it.If you would want to learn a bit more about ‘No Money Down’ method and how you could use it to start your own real estate adventure, check this podcast of Ben Leybovich, where he explains how to use this method to become a successful real estate investor and get enough money to perhaps apply Cardone’s method and become a multimillionaire. FINAL WORDThat would be all folks! We have gone over everything that you need to know about how Grant Cardone managed to amass his wealth and what tips he has to offer to all of you who want to try becoming successful real estate investors and get rich.It requires a lot of hard work and personal commitment, but eventually, it could pay off and you could end up living your dream, instead of being stuck in a lousy job that you hate and do only because you need to pay the bills month after month.

Short Story - 1667 Words

The embers in the fire-pit glowed in Asmund’s deep, brown eyes. He stared into the flames as a calm aura washed across him; he knew they were coming for him. Yet the seasoned warrior’s heart knew no fear, only honour. Either victory or Valhalla awaited him and both promised glory. No warning was gave before a Mammen axe slammed into the wooden door with tremendous force. It had compromised Asmunds sanctuary. The broad raider burst through his eyes wild and glazed with battle fury. â€Å"This will only end in one way.† Asmund roared to his attacker, â€Å"Jeg gà ¥r med gudene!† The raider smirked. Asmund appeared unarmed and vulnerable as the intruder charged forward at the Jarl. A malicious swing cut through the air in front of Asmund’s face,†¦show more content†¦As Jorgyenson restrained him against the wall with the strength of a bear, the Dane axe fell to the floor. â€Å"Skjalborg,† he growled, holding his sword against the bare flesh of Asmund’s neck. â€Å"The right to slaughter my finest warrior is not yours.† Asmund laughed. He disapproved of his attempt at intimidation and kicked the man in the stomach. The force of the impact pushed Jorgyenson back a few feet from his rival. Asmund bolted for his axe while Jorgyenson regained his balance. Jorgyenson’s eyes flicked over to Asmund’s from across the fire. Embers danced in their eyes. Time seemed to slow as they charged towards one another. Jorgyenson swung for Asmund’s face with violence and desperate wildness. Asmund reacted to the threat by raising the shaft of his axe to block the swing. Jorgyenson screamed angrily, again rushing forward and slamming his blade towards the rival Jarl’s face. Jorgyenson felt his momentum suddenly halt and tried to move his sword; Asmund had grabbed the sword as it had came towards him. Blood dripped from his hand as he smiled, calm and tranquil, at his opponent. The uncomfortable silence installed a sense of panic within Jorgyensons chest. Asmunds composure in such a terrifying situation was unnerving to the point of fear. The offending Jarl looked on in the few milliseconds he had to react, horror etched into his eyes. As Asmund headbutted his opponent with enough force to knock him off his feet, he roared in anger. The loud crack of boneShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Essay on Media Has a Negative Influence on Children

The media is a part of everyday life in American kids. Children are surrounded by technology, entertainment, and other media that is full of violence. Newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet all contain violence. Todays media has a negative influence on children. The media does have an influence on them, but does it really influence them to act out even though they know its wrong? Mass media, and its components, are very powerful and can influence ones mind, as well as their behavior. Children that imitate characters who use violence in the media and display aggressive behavior, tend to give them reason to believe that violence can happen without consequence. For children who grow up with poor adult examples or an†¦show more content†¦Video games are also another form of entertainment that can promote violence. Many children spent most of their time in front of a TV playing video games. Video games have become a more recent trend. Many games consist of cur sing, shooting, beating, and killing humans and monsters. The most games played are games that include killing and slaughtering other creatures and sports games that also have aggressive behavior. Video games have a stronger effect on children than watching television because the players take a direct and active task in the violence. The violence in these games can give them the idea that violence is an acceptable way to deal with problems. Fashion magazines are read by many teenagers. Magazines are full of images of bodies that are too perfect to be real, and teenagers see these pictures all the time. It can influence them to be like them and act like they do. Frequent readers of womens fashion magazines are more likely to have dieted or exercised to lose weight because of a magazine article. Television, music, video games, and other form of media are all things that are fun and sometimes educational for kids, but can be a bad influence on children, depending on the content. These all should be used to teach children how to solve problems and expand their mind, rather than teaching them to kill people and portraying someone negatively. The images and stories shown to children and teenagers make it difficultShow MoreRelatedMedias Influence on Children Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesThe powerful media is considered a leading influence in our society both directly and indirectly. Media is available and readily accessible today more easily than ever. Printed materials, television, sound recordings, internet, and radio all fall under the umbrella of the big bad – or seemingly bad word – media. Is media bad? How is it controlled? And where does this all stem from†¦? These are some of the major concerns parents are faced with in raising children in today’s times. 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Organizational Behavior And Contemporary Strategy Analysis

As discussed by Grant and Jennings in Organizational Behavior and Contemporary strategy analysis a true innovation in the business is more than what’s traditionally defined as innovation. The traditional definition of innovation is defined â€Å"as the adoption of an idea or behavior that is new to the adopting organization’s industry, market, or its external/internal environment.† When in reality innovation in the work place requires implementation and it is much more than a creative idea. Real innovation creates a competitive advantage and equips the innovator with the ability to overcome â€Å"the competitive advantage of other firms.† By definition true innovation in the workplace will add value to the development of a competitive advantage and in order for a CEO of a distributor to achieve true innovation, he would have to start from the very top addressing issues with his company’s culture, people, structure, processes, and incentives. 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Commodity Exchange free essay sample

Project Submitted in partial fulfillment of Post Graduate Diploma in Management Moreover, the retail outlets belong to both the organized as well as the unorganized sector. The unorganized retail outlets of the yesteryears consist of small shop owners who are price takers where consumers face a highly competitive price structure. The organized sector on the other hand are owned by various business houses like Pantaloons, Reliance, Tata and others. Such markets are usually selling a wide range of articles both agricultural and manufactured, edible and inedible, perishable and durable. Modern marketing strategies and other techniques of sales promotion enable such markets to 5 draw customers from every section of the society. However the growth of such markets has still centered on the urban areas primarily due to infrastructural limitations. Considering the present growth rate, the total valuation of the Indian Retail Market is estimated to cross Rs. 10,000 billion by the year 2010. Demand for commodities is likely to become four times by 2010 than what it presently is. We will write a custom essay sample on Commodity Exchange or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A commodity may be defined as an article, a product or material that is bought and sold. It can be classified as every kind of movable property, except Actionable Claims, Money Securities. Commodities actually offer immense potential to become a separate asset class for market-savvy investors, arbitrageurs and speculators. Retail investors, who claim to understand the equity markets, may find commodities an unfathomable market. But commodities are easy to understand as far as fundamentals of demand and supply are concerned. Retail investors should understand the risks and advantages of trading in commodities futures before taking a leap. Historically, pricing in commodities futures has been less volatile compared with equity and bonds, thus providing an efficient portfolio diversification option. In fact, the size of the commodities markets in India is also quite significant. Of the countrys GDP of Rs 13, 20,730 crore (Rs 13,207. 3 billion), commodities related (and dependent) industries constitute about 58 per cent. 6 Currently, the various commodities across the country clock an annual turnover of Rs 1, 40,000 crore (Rs 1,400 billion). With the introduction of futures trading, the size of the commodities market grows many folds here on.

Black Bear Population In New Jersey Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Black Bear Population As the universe evolves, the figure of jobs confronting it increases with each passing twenty-four hours. The population Numberss of many species are lifting extensively. Several environmental factors along with scientific factors combine, ensuing in over-population. As more edifices, places, and concerns materialize, natural home grounds where animate beings live are destroyed, go forthing certain species irrupting in rural countries where they one time roamed freely. One peculiarly illustration of this job is the black bear population in New Jersey. The black bear population is turning excessively rapidly while their natural home ground is quickly diminishing. The Division of Fish and Wildlife estimates the black bear population in the province of New Jersey to be over 1,000. The same experts besides estimate that in five old ages, the black bear population will duplicate and turn out its highly fast rate of growing. As the black bears # 8217 ; natural eating evidences disappear, the reported figure of incidents between bears and worlds in New Jersey is on the rise. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Bear Population In New Jersey Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The black bear population is interrupting urban life by doing belongings harm, interrupting into places and autos, killing farm animal and pets, and establishing a general feeling of fright in the community. Peoples feel the demand to protect themselves, pets, farm animal, and belongings. This issue affects a big per centum of New Jersey occupants and calls for steps. Three possible solutions to turn toing this issue are carry oning legalized Hunts by hired professional huntsmans, aiming and euthanizing excessively debatable bears, or rejecting the killing construct and covering with the job in several different, non-violent ways. The first possible solution to command the black bear population in New Jersey is to form a black bear Hunt dwelling of professional huntsmans. Hiring trained, professional huntsmans, besides known as crisp taws, to carry on a two or three twenty-four hours Hunt entreaties to many New Jersey occupants. While many recreational huntsmans try to hit any and every bear they see, trained professionals kill the bears that they see as doing jobs in a populated country. Black bears, one time seldom aggressive, are turning bolder, from merely mauling trashcans to killing pets and farm animal. This twelvemonth, the figure of ailments of belongings harm is 157, the figure of place entry ailments is 26, the figure of livestock violent deaths is 21, the figure of beehives destroyed is 13, the figure of domestic favored coney violent deaths is 10, and the figure of ailments of pet Canis familiaris onslaughts is 7. In add-on, more than 30 vehicle work stoppages are happening between worlds and bear s. New Jerseyans have the right to desire to protect themselves, kids, pets, farm animal, and belongings against bears. A proposed bear Hunt of crisp taws would cut down the figure of black bears by up to 75 % over a three twelvemonth clip period, from more than 1,000 down to 250. The effects of a professional bear Hunt would non merely ensuing dramatic, immediate consequences, but would turn out to be safer, more efficient, and much lower in cost compared with several other options. As opposed to a regular Hunt where any accredited huntsman of any juvenile accompanied by a accredited grownup can take part, the sharp-shooter Hunt would merely be available to a choice group of hired huntsmans, after go throughing safety classs. This Hunt would non merely cut down the hazard of incidental hurts obtained by inexperient huntsmans, but would besides decrease the inhuman treatment towards the bears. Having first-class purpose and precise cognition of bear hunting, the sharp-shooter could kill each bear rapidly and painlessly with one slug instead than wounding the bear foremost and tracking it down to finish the drawn-out putting to death. The efficiency with which the professional huntsmans work, could finish the Hunt with several yearss, hence doing less of a break in the community. Many communities would see a great copiousness of recreational huntsmans if a legalized Hunt becomes available to them, but with the proposed the sharp-shooter Hunt, a fewer sum of huntsmans would get in the county. Last, experts estimate the cost of the sharp-shooter Hunt being less expensive than programs for relocating, sterilising, and euthanizing bears while educating the community and protection forces. An organized Hunt consisting of trained professionals proves to hold a lower cost than alternate solutions, to be a more efficient manner of using hunting clip, and to hold a higher grade of safety compared to a random Hunt. Targeting and euthanizing excessively debatable bears serves as the 2nd possible solution to covering with the black bear population in New Jersey. The province, place to over 1,000 bears, up from merely 50 bears in the late sixtiess, is having ailments about # 8220 ; bad-news bears # 8221 ; tipping refuse tins and moving sharply toward worlds. The figure of ailments are increasing drastically from 285 in 1995 to 1, 659 last twelvemonth. Under this 2nd solution, the Division # 8217 ; s Wildlife Control Unit will capture debatable bears, doing prope rty harm and other more serious jobs. After being captured, the bears go through the tagging procedure where experts besides remove the bears from the ailment site. Upon release, the bears receive intense antipathy therapy to modify their behaviour, including Piper nigrum spray, gum elastic slugs, and pyrotechnics designed to scare animate beings. â€Å"When we capture a nuisance bear, we’ll draw a tooth [ to find age ] , tattoo it, draw blood, step it, and do certain the experience is so negative that he won’t desire to travel near another homo, † studies John Cichowski, a Texas Ranger at the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The Division of Fish and Wildlife studies that 82 % of antipathy therapy bears are no longer debatable after their release. Harmonizing to the Division Black Bear Policy, bears that repetition negative behaviours will be euthanized. Governor Whitman plans to modify the Policy, which authorizes the violent death of debatable bears, by bro adening the definition of debatable bears. Bears that enter places, putting to death farm animal, onslaught pets, or act sharply will be killed under her alteration, every bit good as bears returning to countries where they one time were a nuisance. This policy non merely will ensue in fewer deceases, but besides ensures a autumn in reported hunting hurts. This solution, non ever 100 % effectual, offers amore humanist position in covering with this job. Rather than declaring unfastened season on the full bear population, this option of conditioning and/or euthanizing debatable bears ensures that merely the bears presenting as menaces will endure the effects, whereas the peaceable bears non doing any problem are left to stay a portion of the community. The 3rd solution to the black bear population growing is take non-violent stairss to seek to let the bears to populate harmoniously with society instead than kill them at all. This controversial issue of killing or non killing some of the bear population is intensifying to a extremum. This solution option seems less barbarous, but besides less effectual. Many argue that the black bear has the right to be here sing that it is non an imported animate being. Environmentalists, animal-rights groups and 26 North Jersey municipalities protest planned bear Hunts, such as province Sierra Club President Jeff Tittel who argues # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the bear is one of nature # 8217 ; s last leftover symbols to stand in the manner of the suburbanization of the state. # 8221 ; Opponents dispute the bear ailment figures adding that non-lethal agencies particularly educational plans to forestall bear eating are all that is necessary to forestall most harm caused by bears. Covering with the safety i ssues, the menaces of hurts from runing disappear with alternate programs to command the animate beings, including relocating nuisance bears, supplying financess and preparation for constabulary to cover with the job, every bit good as and increasing the Department of Environmental Protection # 8217 ; s bear task force. Another non-violent manner to maintain the bear population from lifting any farther sit O sterilise them. When wildlife directors separately drag bears from their winter hibernation dens to weigh and mensurate them, to take blood samples, and to hang radio-transmitter neckbands around their cervixs, female bears could have a prophylactic injection at this clip, and the neckbands would take marksman months subsequently to the same animate being for a 2nd shooting. If even stronger action is deemed necessary, the females could be spayed and the males could be neutered during their winter physicals. True it would take several old ages to do a dent in the population, bu t the program would non harm a individual bear and still forestall excessively much genteelness from happening. Black bears, truly non-aggressive animate beings, huntsmans kill more people than do black bears. The human tolerance for the black bear is down. In 1995, 285 ailments were recorded last twelvemonth, 1,659 ailments were recorded and an extra 600 posings were reported. In decision, three buyable solutions covering with the black bear issue would be to engage a little group of sharp-shooters to carry on a black bear Hunt in the province of New Jersey, to aim debatable bears by seting them through antipathy therapy and euthanizing the bears that continue moving sharply, and to fund plans learning society ways to coexist with the bears without killing them. The Division # 8217 ; s Wildlife Control Unit is covering with the ailments on this serious job associated with an spread outing bear population as best it can, but its resources are limited. A long-run solution is in great demand, but until an concrete solution surfaces, interactions between bears and worlds are inevitable and struggles will go on to go more frequent as the figure of bears grow. The community remains about every bit split over the controversial solutions to the job. Although this issue is a specific one, it boils down to whether or non it is humanist to kill another animate being . This antique inquiry is the nucleus of the affair and society must come to an understanding on the reply to this inquiry before any betterments can happen.

Life in Black and White essays

Life in Black and White essays Life in Black and White, is a great book about the Southern society in the antebellum period focussing on the daily life in Loundoun County, Virginia, tracing the lives of all classes and cultures. For years, many historians have argued that most slave families in the American antebellum south were, despite many and certain circumstances upon them, traditional nuclear families. The author, Brenda E. Stevenson, challenged numerous reviews and ideas of the nature of slave families relations and ways of life. She examines the whole Southern society through the families of all races. In this process the book offers an unprecedented look at the daily lives of different communities such as the slaves, planters, free blacks, and yeoman farmers. Most importantly she gives us the opportunity to see the social and cultural forces which bond them together, even while driving them apart. Stevenson provides a perfect portrait of family and community life in the American South bringing in stories and quotes of planters, slaves, free blacks, and poor whites, in the mid-18th century to the Civil War. These stories give strong evidence on the hardships of life for both blacks and whites. For instance, in chapter 6, The Nature of Loudoun Slavery, owners would sell certain slaves for financial reasons, masters most readily sold slaves as punishment or a mean of control. An ex-slave explains what some masters would say to discipline or threaten to sell them down South. He come....down to the quarters. Pick out de famly dat got de most chillun an say, Fo God, nigger, Im goin to sell all dem chillun o yourn lessen you keep quiet. Dat threat was a worsen prospects of alickin. Evybody sho keep quiet arter dat ( Stevenson, 179). Slave life was emphasized of labor and discipline. The workload was merle physical punishment in itself, but all slaves were alwa ...

Field trip report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Field trip report - Essay Example The report applies Butler’s destination life-cycle model to the Piney Lake. The site has undergone the first two stages in the life-cycle- exploration and involvement. The tourist destination is heading towards its third stage-that of development. It seems that the Noongar community may take a long time to go through the other stages of tourism life cycle as the inhabitants are so much involved and tied to their indigenous culture and traditions. The current report emphasises the need to formulate comprehensive strategies to keep the Aboriginal culture and traditions of Noongar community intact. Researchers, students and scholars on indigenous tourism need to undertake detailed in-depth studies on the tourist destination to identify the factors that preserve its authenticity and cultural diversity. Governmental policies and interventions on indigenous tourism need to perceive tourism as a cultural phenomenon rather than an economic enterprise. It is imperative for all the stakeholders to identify the dangers of commoditization and commercialization. Above all, measures are to be undertaken to facilitate sustainable models of tourism development on the tourist site. Indigenous tourism in Australia is flourishing day by day as aboriginal owned and operated enterprises have been attracting the attention of tourists. Indigenous tourism paves way for cultural rejuvenation of aboriginals while it also contributes immensely to the economy of the nation. Authenticity lies at the core of indigenous tourism and therefore loss of authenticity due to commoditization and commercialization of indigenous culture deserve primary attention. Contrived cultural products, tourist oriented commercial craftworks, and commercialized tourist services may adversely affect tourists’ quest for authenticity and will negate them of genuine indigenous tourism experiences. Similarly, sustainable models of tourism development are an essential prerequisite for

Dominant Ideology in British News Broadcasting Essay

Dominant Ideology in British News Broadcasting - Essay Example The answer lies between the lines that bring out the news of the war in both Britain and the US. Steven was a victim of terror - no doubts about it. But his being American was just half the story. His murder is only an attempt by a pagan enemy to a nation of soldiers and newsmongers called the US, an attempt by the people to tell the world that these men did not report the brewing of the soup as much as they cry about the murderous soup called the war on terror being served on the platters of international diplomatic circles. It was not what the press said that lead to the murder of Steven, but what the press did not say that led to his killing. Or rather does the silence of the press intend to say more than they said in words. Do the gloomy looking news readers on channels in the UK say more than they could express in words Should that really have been the scenario Did that silence warrant the murder of a promising journalist Where do we go from here They are perceived as independent commentators by the people and in many cases - such as the Iraq war, their independence has turned out to be a spook rather than truth. Independent reporting is a thing of the pastor is at least as fictitious as Jack and his Bean Stalk. What is most obvious from these reports is that it has sidelined human rights largely in countries where western armies are operating. In most cases, the despots are simply terrorists that need to be done with and in certain countries, the despots are the best available choices and friends of these nations. Press in the west has made this mistake time and again. The recent examples are President Suharto of Indonesia and his mass murder venture in East Timor which was largely underplayed by the western media. This process went on for a substantial period of fifteen years.

Facts Regarding The Moon And The Illusion Psychology Essay

Facts Regarding The Moon And The Illusion Psychology Essay 1. Introduction The moon rises in the east and settles in the west, following a trajectory route very similar to that of figure 2a. However, during this trajectory the appearance of the moon observed larger on the horizon compared to when it is in its elevated position in the sky is known as the moon illusion for e.g. ( Kaufman et al 1962, 2000, 2006 Reed Kuprinski 2009, Coren Aks 1990, Weizman Cohen 2003, Toskovich 2009, Nanavati 2009), see figure 1ab. This illusion is not only denoted to the moon, it can also be observed by other celestial constellations such as the sun and the stars (Ross and Plug, pg 1-2 2002) (Wade pg 377 2000). It has been found in some cases that the size of the horizon moon appeared almost 1-2 times the diameter of the elevated moon Kaufman and Rock (1962) Ross and Plug (1994). This experience persists even when one is familiar it is an illusion Weizman and Cohen (2003) and has been observed for many centuries, with Aristotle (384-322BC) making the first clear scientific account Ross and Plug, pg 1-2 (2002) Wade pg 377 (2000). However there have been many suggested theories from physics to physiology and now finally psychology as to why this illusion is experienced Wade pg377 (2000), but none has been accepted as the correct answer. The main conflicting issues involve contradictions as to whether it is a linear or angular illusion, thus a model which accounts for both linear and angular illusions providing a common unified explanation is required. Elevated Moon/ Zenith moon Horizon Moon 1a 1b Figure 1a http://facstaff.uww.edu/mccreadd/ and 1b http://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/3d/loony.htm (Ken Amis) what the actual illusion looks like in its two comparative positions and an illustration of what the names horizon and elevated moons infer to within this text. 2. Facts regarding the moon and the illusion This is regarded as an illusion because the increase in perception of size occurs even though the visual angle (V) subtended on the eye remains the same regardless of the trajectory position of the moon, i.e. whether the moon is on the horizon or in its elevated position-see figure 2 (For e.g. C.Reed and E. Kuprinski 2009, Kaufman et al 2000). Physically if the angular size changes then a subsequent change of the retinal image size would occur, but it remains constant and hence is regarded as a perceptual phenomenon. The value of this angle has long been accepted as a fairly constant value of 0.52 degrees regardless of elevation For e.g. (Bears, Conners and Paradiso, pg 288,3rd edition, 2006, R Casati, 2003, Ross and Plug, pg 11-14, 2002, Mccready section 1 website). Furthermore evidence can be found in photographs, where many photographers have experienced the illusion, however after photographs become developed the moon image appears small Nanavati (2009). For e.g. Ross and Plug pg 60 (2002) took multiple photos of the sun during different periods of the day and found the size of the sun to be exactly the same during each interval at the different trajectories, similar to figure 2b. Since the camera can only illustrate the linear dimensions of an object this would further enforce the suggestion the illusion is in fact a perceptual phenomenon. Another demonstration involves a simple test called Herings manoeuvre, whereby a subject holds a coin close to their eye at arms length and observes the trajectory of the moon. The result of this will always be that the moon and the coin are the same size no matter what position of trajectory of the moon The Moon Illusion, a literature thesis by Bart Borghuis, (1999), Gregory (2007). Figure 2a http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap020130.html Credit and copyright to Shay Stephens. He picture shows the moonrise trajectory over Seattle, USA, with a snapshot taken every 2.5mins. 2a 2b Figure 2 Taken from Mccready section 1 illustrating the size of the moon does not change with the trajectory and nor does the visual angle subtended. The illusion maybe experienced in different areas of the world and the facts about the orbit of the moon around the earth can be used to explain as to why any variances in the earth-moon distance cannot play a role in the illusion. The moon travels in an orbit around the earth completing one full cycle every ~29days (1 month). The mean Earth-Moon distance is fairly constant throughout this period, however there is a degree of variance in the Earth-Moon distance caused by the elliptical shape of the orbit of travel (Nasa website). This variance causes the size of the visual angle of the horizon moon to become 2% smaller than the elevated moon and may only affect only short time viewing i.e. vieiwning the moon during separate hours in the same day Nanavati )2009), but not significant enough to cause the illusion (Mccready section 1). The distance of travel of the orbit has been monitored by NASA since the initial experimentation was carried out using retro-reflector beams/laser used in the Apollo 11 mission to the moon Faller et al (1969, 1970). The moon travels in an orbit of fairly constant mean distance of 384,000km (NASA website) from the earth and hence discounting the physical distance factor creating the illusion. The size (S) is It has been well established the physical size, distance and visual angle do not change (or not by a significant factor), however Aristotle suggested there was a physical cause that created a real magnification on the image size Nanavati (2009). It was thought this was caused by the atmospheric refraction, which had its effects greatest on the light rays on the horizon causing an increase in the moon size The Moon Illusion, a literature thesis by Bart Borghuis (1999), Ross and Plug pg57 (2002) i.e. like a stone under water where it appears to enlarge in size. However this theory was later disregarded as there was no means of measuring the actual horizon enlargement and if any it was deemed neglible, however many writers and investigators supported the idea that it could possibly play some form of secondary role Ross and Plug pg57 (2002), Gregory (2007). 3. Linear distance illusions 3.1 Size distance invariance hypothesis and Emmerts law The SDIH theory proposes the cause of the horizon moon appearing bigger is due to the extended terrain viewed in between the observer and the horizon moon, thus placing it at a perceptually further distance, for e.g. Kaufman (2000, 2006, 2007), Suzuki (2007), Gregory (2007). The SDIH assumes perceived angle (V) like the objective angle (V) is unchanged Reed and Kuprinski (2009) and implies distance is computed primarily by the visual system, while size is later inferred from this. Due to these conditions where perceived angle (V) is kept constant, only perceived distance (D) and size (S) can only change, thus suggesting a linear distance/size illusion and not an angular illusion Higashiyama (2004) Lou (2007). The SDIH can be illustrated by the formula S/D=tan V (apparent size S, apparent distance D and the physical visual angle V) Higashiyama (2006) Kaufman (2006), see figure 3. The SDIH implies the perceived size (S) is directly proportional to perceived distance (D) and this relati onship can be explained using Emmerts law. The conditions of Emmerts law are the perceived size of an object subtending a constant visual angle is directly proportional to its apparent distance Gregory (2007) Philip Servos (2006). Emmerts law in effect is the description of the size distance invariance hypothesis (SDIH) Jones et al (2009) and is one of the more researched theories within this topic. Afterimages are often used as a means to display Emmerts law since they have a constant visual angle always subtended at any distance and therefore a fixed retinal image size at all times disregarding any changes in angular size Lou (2007). Due to this retinal image size being a constant size, means any increase in the afterimage size cannot be due to any angular illusions. Since Emmerts law states size is proportional to apparent distance, then afterimages can be classed as one means of evidence for the SDIH. Figure 3 SDIH diagram taken from section 2 of http://facstaff.uww.edu/mccreadd/sectionII.html Most investigations usually conform to similar methodologies involving a form of magnitude estimation i.e. size or distance, using a reference moon to a variable moon, for e.g. (Holway and Boring 1941, Kaufman 2000, Gordon M Redding 2002, Jones Wilson 2009, Liang Lou 2007 etc). Kaufman (2000) used artificial moons to display the SDIH as a description of the moon illusion. Subjects viewed these artificial moons of constant angular size against a natural sky in horizon and zenith positions. They compared the size and distance of a reference moon to a variable moon. And altered the size of the variable moon using a keypad to achieve a match, see figure 5. In the results the horizon moon was perceived 3.2 times bigger and 4.2 times further away than the zenith. They found as they increased the distance between the reference and variable moon, the moon perceived size increased. Conversely when the distance was reduced the perceived size decreased therefore implying distance determines perceived size. Due to the availability of visual cues, the horizon moon is perceived at a distance D further than that of the zenith, causing a subsequent increase in size S Higashiyama (2006), (2007). Figure 4 illustrates the principles behind the SDIH and apparent distance theor y, where by the black circles in the inner band exemplify the moon straight above the observers head perceived as closer and hence smaller. The horizon moon in this model is perceived further away and hence bigger. Condition 2-Inside band (black circles) showing proposed SDIH condition Condition 1-Outside band (white circles) showing normal condition Horizon moon Observer Elevated moon Figure 4 (Annotated Figure 1 from Kaufman 2000) demonstrating the two conditions. Condition 1 the outer band of circles demonstrate how the moon should be perceived right from the horizon to its elevated state with no illusion. However condition 2 using this model of the illusion is represented in the second inner band of circles, suggesting the moon straight above the observers head is perceived as closer hence smaller and horizon bigger and further. Figure 5 demonstrates the apparatus used in Kaufman 2000s experiment. An IBM Think-Pad flat panel display specifically designed for this experiment was used. Virtual moons were produced as luminous disks against the natural sky. It was conducted on a hilltop on the C.W. Post campus of Long Island University in Brookville, NY. A total of four moons can be seen: one reference and one variable for both the horizon and elevated moon and subjects adjusted the variable moon using the computer accordingly. Kaufman (2006) further investigated using noise signal detection and two alternative forced choices. Luminous discs of constant visual angles were used however viewed across a virtual terrain in this case containing distance cues. Two separate experiments were conducted on size and distance, which suggested a directly proportional relationship between the two as predicted by the SDIH. Figure 6 compares the log size (y axis) versus the log depth (x axis), inferred as distance and found the slope demonstrates a linear slope of ~1. Thus these results suggest as size increases so does distance, once again supporting the SDIH. The fact the perceived size increases as a directly proportional factor to the distance perceived, indicates that the moon illusion cannot be referred to as an angular account. Figure 6 Kaufman 2006 shows the log perceived depth otherwise regarded as distance (x-axis) and log size (y-axis). A straight line is formed with a gradient of approximately 1, therefore suggesting size is proportional to distance as distance is to size. Tozawa (2006) investigated the roles of motion parallax and perspective cues on size and distance perception and the results yielded were similar and supported the SDIH. Weizman and Cohen (2003) also investigated the SDIH via a matching task using 4 different groups of subjects varying in age. Results indicated 41-88% viewed the horizon moon to be of a greater size and as a consequence supporting the SDIH. 3.2 The paradox The issue with the SDIH is it induces a paradox since many people do not experience the conditions it sets ;( the horizon moon appears both larger and further away) for e.g. (Higayshima 2006, Kaufman 2007, Kotaro Suzuki 2007, Kaufman 2006, Gregory 2007, Jones et al 2009). Instead (Mccready section 3) found up to 90% and Kaufman (2000) 9/10, view the larger horizon moon to be perceived as closer. Size constancy is the visual systems ability to maintain the accurate perception of real size of an object regardless of the change in retinal images size Combe Wexler (2009) Gregory (2007) i.e. when a person is walking away their physical dimensions do not appear to shrink, this relationship is maintained by size constancy regardless of the change in distance, which should create a smaller image size on the retina. One idea proposed as an answer is observers use the perceived distance to scale perceived size, as in SDIH. When enquired about distance, this scaled size and previous experience of sizes of objects from size constancy are used to determine distance. Hence due to this experience the observer makes a logical choice, thus in effect proposing there is a bias towards experiencing bigger objects to appear closer Kaufman (2000) (2007). However what is suggested in effect is there are two different routes taken to decipher size from distance and distance from size and without a ny direct evidence these ideas cannot be accepted as yet. 3.3 The apparent distance theory The apparent distance theory states the perceived distance is not only determined by the retinal image size, but factors such as visual cues within the surrounding terrain play a controlling role in judgment, for e.g. (Gregory 2008), Suzuki (2007), Kaufman (2000). There are many different types of visual cues from which the visual system can infer distance from and the amount of effect each cue has also varies. The terrain in one direction and its absence in the other play a vital role in the illusion Kaufman and Rock (1962). The role of cues plays an integral part in the SDIH, since the perceived distance determines the judged size and in effect can be described as SDIH since the findings directly support it. Pictorial representations of the illusion have been used as a methodology for investigation of depth cues, for e.g. (Coren and Aks 1990, Redding 2002, Jones et al 2009).The benefit of this being that any structural factors such as accommodation that may contribute towards the processing of size and distance are eliminated as cues and only visual cues i.e. terrain are left to investigate Redding (2002) Coren Aks (1990). The apparent distance theory would predict the horizon moon appears bigger due to distance cues placing it at a further distance and the zenith moon as closer, hence smaller, just as in SDIH. Jones and Wilson (2009) findings supported the apparent distance theory and demonstrate the level of effect of cues on the perceived distance. They used pictorial representations of of different salience as cues to depth, figure 7 displays the pictures used in increasing salience of each picture from A-D. Subjects viewed a reference moon placed on the horizon and zenith on the different scenes (figure 7 A-D) and compared this to a set of variable moon sizes on a computer, judging the match in size. A positive score (above 0) in the results from figure 8 indicated a perceived increase in size. Results show as the salience increases so does the perception of size for both moon trajectories, therefore these findings emphasize regardless of salience of cues, the mere presence of some form of cues effectively increase perceived size. However in all scenes the horizon moon is perceived bigger and significantly more so in the two scenes of high salience (figure 7 C and D). This infers proxi mity is a key factor and thus illustrates why the horizon moon is judged bigger, since it is in closer proximity to the terrain and the greater salience exaggerates this effect. Figure 7 taken from Stephanie 2009 figure 1 illustrating the different pictorial representations used as devices for the different depths of cues. A) Drawing of lowest depth cue salience B) Drawing of intermediate depth cue salience C)Drawing of high depth cue salience- Town scene D) Drawing of high depth cue salience- City scene. Figure 8 From Stephanie et al 2009 experiment number 1. The results were based on the size of error scores between the subjective responses of perceived size of the variable moon compared to the control moon size. Significant differences in size between the horizon moon and elevated moon indicated the degree of strength each cue played on that particular moon. The positive error score indicated an increase in perceived size and negative score a decrease. Redding (2002) also supported that cues in the terrain are essential for size scaling to create the impression of a bigger horizon moon, as well as the proximity to the terrain. A pictorial representation of an upright and inverted gradient, with two moons positioned like figure. The upright gradient produces fine details very close together giving the impression of a receding distance like in the horizon. However the upright gradient was more spaced out mimicking the large expanses of space surrounding the zenith moon. The apparent distance theory would predict a reverse in the illusion if the visual scene was inverted i.e. the horizon moon would now look smaller than the zenith. The results show the mean illusion, where a positive score indicates the normal moon illusion occurred and negative the reverse. These results demonstrate the prediction was correct since the horizon moon size increased in the upright direction and reversed in the inverted. Within virtual environments it has been found the size constancy mechanism is very strong when the object being viewed is surrounded by an environment, where comparisons can be made to decipher distance from, for e.g. (Kenyon et al 2007, Tanaka Fujita 2007, murgia and sharkey 2009). It has been suggested the elevated moon is perceived smaller due to the lack of surrounding visual cues for e.g. (Higashiyama 2006, Kaufman 2000, Jones et al2009). The proposed idea is the zenith moon due to no visual cues is placed at default distance related to the resting focus of approximately 1-2m regarded as empty space myopia, thus leading to its small perceived size (Da Silva 1989, Gogel Mertz, 1989, Redding 2002, Gregory 2007, Suzuki 2007). 3.4 Sky dome illusions The apparent shape of the sky was previously replicated in a drawing by King and Gruber (1962), where they made subjects project afterimages onto the sky in different directions (horizon 45. Zenith). Results had shown 81% of subjects viewed the moon bigger in the horizon sky than at 45. and 87% viewed horizon bigger than the zenith. Weizman and Cohen (2003) found the sky is perceived as an oblate profile i.e. like an inverted bowl with a flat top (see figure) and cues within this frame are used to judge the distance. It has been proposed this flattened dome top causes the zenith moon to appear closer and thus smaller. This theory implies a mental map of the shape of the sky as an oblate- bowl shape, with the flat portion directly above the observers head. This flatter area causes the perception of a shorter distance to the sky just above the observers head and thus causes the zenith moon to be perceived as smaller. This is very similar to the SDIH approach which states the same fundamental reasons, but the SDIH suggests its the absence of visual cues that place the zenith moon at a closer distance and hence smaller, not a mental map model of the sky. However Toskovich (2009) examined to test if the flattened sky caused the moon size to reduce and suggested otherwise. Subjects viewed the moon in the horizon, 45Â ° and zenith positions using head movements and were positioned at 1m, 3m and 5m from the moon. They were instructed to determine distance and size estimates from these positions. Results had shown from 1m subjects perceived distance is the same in all directions thus indicating at close distances the visual system is able to interpret very accurately. However from 3m and 5m found the distances perceived to the zenith as larger than towards the horizon and no differences in size estimations at any direction. This is opposite to the flattened sky dome approach and proposes the sky is rather perceived as elongated towards the zenith and not flat. These findings suggest the illusion is affected by head position and location. 4. Visual angle illusions To begin with Descartes, 1664 Wade 2000 pg (354-355) suggested associations with familiar objects, accommodation and convergence are all cues to distance. The apparent-distance theory is built upon the assumption the actual perceived visual angle is interpreted as the same as the physical linear visual angle Reed and Kuprinski (2009). However, alternative theories suggest the perceived visual angle may be affected by oculomotor processes unconsciously Mccready (2006) Keef and Kuprinski (2009) and size/distance then subsequently inferred from this. 4.1 The retinal representation of the moon illusion If the illusion causes the perceived visual angle to change by becoming enlarged, then subsequently the perceived retinal image size should also increase. Murray et al (2006) found illusions such as the moon illusion affect retinal representation of the image size in the primary visual cortex (V1). Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a 3d scene of a hallway with walls, an image had been produced containing information to apparent depth, see figure 9a for an illustration. Two 6.5 degree sized spheres were arranged like in figure 9a and the results showed the back sphere appeared to be 17% larger in angular size than the front sphere (even when of the same physical angular size). The results in figure 9a also illustrate the peak MRI signal responses were found higher at higher eccentricities for the perceptually larger back sphere than the front and the back sphere occupied a larger area in the V1 cortex. Thus implying the perceived bigger size of the back sphere cre ated a bigger images size on the retina. Furthermore these results were compared to the responses generated by two physically different sized spheres without any illusion (6.5Â ° versus 8.125Â ° and 4.875Â ° versus 6.875Â ° sized spheres, as shown in figure 9bc). The findings demonstrate the responses generated from two physically different sized spheres yielded a response very similar to 9a. Therefore indicating the illusion created an actual change in the retinal image size and a greater eccentricity was occupied by the back sphere as a result. Thus the depth illusion causes a change in the perceived angular size on the retina and hence providing evidence towards scaling processes affecting the representation on the retina (Murray et al 2006). Since only a change in the physical visual angle or perceived visual angle may cause this change in retinal image size. Figure 9 taken from Murray et al 2006 displaying the hallway and the walls creating the illusion. the trial response graph shows the perceptual difference in angular size between the two objects. The top graph illustrates the fMRI activity for the perceived larger back object extending in eccentricity beyond that of the perceived smaller front object. The bottom row shows a similar response is triggered when two objects of physically different angular sizes are shown (with no hallway illusion placed). Therefore indicating the cause in the back object to be perceived more distant is due to an increase in angular size. 4.2 Accommodative micropsia The visual terrain contribution to the moon illusion may be mediated by the state of the oculomotor system and not via the size-distance invariance mechanism, or size constancy scaling Suzuki (2007). The perceived distance may affect the accommodation response or the converse of this may also be true i.e. the level of accommodation may affect the perceived distance of a stimulus (Edgar 2007, Suzuki 2007, Lou 2007). The micropsia phenomenon causes objects to appear smaller than usual and macropsia bigger, whereby they can be induced by changes in accommodation/ Vergence leading to underestimation/ overestimation of its apparent size Howard Rogers (2002). When viewing the zenith moon there is no depth cues and the moon is isolated in an empty space. This causes the eyes to converge onto the single object of the zenith moon, thus increasing in convergence as it does. This increase in convergence induces increase in accommodation causing the decrease in angular size and is known as micropsia, for e.g. Howard Rogers (2002) Mccready (2004) section 4, Lou (2007), Suzuki (2007). However when viewing the horizon moon in its natural settings, objects acting as depth cues in the terrain may cause the AC/V system to adjust from near to far distance thus increased divergence invoking an increase in angular size known as macropsia (Lou 2007, Mccready 2004 section 4, Tanaka Fujita 2007, Suzuki 2007). Lou (2007) used afterimages of dark circles viewed against a mobile white background on which this reference circle was projected on, see figure 10. These afterimages were projected from the various distances and subjects adjusted the variable stimulus on a computer screen when perceived a match with the reference. Results indicated subjects perceived afterimages to decrease in size at focal distances less than 1m i.e. distances at a closer range. Figure 11 displays the 30cm, 90cm and 200cm distances from where the afterimage was projected and regardless of these distances the same response of decrease in matched size. The focal distances affected the matched size and not the distance the afterimages were projected from, Lou (2007) suggested these findings are representation of accommodation micropsia. Although oculomotor cues are used as cues to distance just as visual pictorial cues are used also, they are less effective up to distances >2m Kaufman (2000). Oculomotor cues and pictorial cues play a role in judging distance, however at longer distances pictorial cues play a greater role as determinants of distance Kaufman (2000), Coren and Aks (1990). become slightly near-sighted in relative darkness (night myopia) proof is just to show accomodtaion/convergence effort changes when viewing horizon and elevated moons Figure 10 Figure 11 taken from figure 2b (Lou 2007). This figure demonstrates the 30cm, 90cm and 200cm distances from which the afterimages were viewed from and the perceived angular match to the control afterimage of size 4.25degrees. The straight angular line indicates the actual size of the afterimage (4.25 degrees). The perceived match of the angular size (y-axis) versus calculated focal distance (x-axis). All about enright and roscoedifferent eye adjustement for horizon/zenith moon measured In conclusion against oculomotor micropsia/macropsia, oculomotor cues are less effective in regards to objects being viewed at longer distances. Here the visual/ perceptual system becomes more dependent on other cues such as pictorial factors Arditi (1986) from Kaufman (2000). Kaufman et als claim is that because the moon is far away, pictorial cues dominate oculomotor cues for distance perception. Kaufman (2006) in the end argues that distance is interpreted first and then angular size. Arguing against the micropsia theory. Also , absence of these surrounding environments the size constancy changes to visual angle performance Kenyon (2007) As you look up to the sky convergence increases therefore increased accommodation occurs causing perception of closer moon distance, therefore according to SDIH a smaller perceived size. REFER TO KAUFMAN 2000 But, these micropsia and macropsia illusions cause angular size differences of less than 10%, nowhere near large enough to account for the moon illusion seen by most persons. Also, if accommodation were involved in the moon illusion, youd think that elderly people who have lost nearly all accommodation should not perceive the illusion. Yet they do. Persons with eye lens implants have no accommodation, and they do perceive the moon illusion. Covering one eye removes convergence from consideration, but that doesnt make the moon illusion go away. Pinhole astronomy 4.3 Angle of regard When looking at the horizon moon the head is positioned at eye level, where as when viewing the elevated moon the head position is further elevated by almost 45degs. It has been suggested the tilt or elevation of the head or eyes may affect the judgment of distance and thus implying the moon illusion as anisotropy (directionally dependent) for e.g. Holway and Boring (1940), Higashiyama Adachi (2006), Suzuki (2007), Toskovich (2009). Suzuki (2007) investigated the ratio of size of afterimages projected onto the horizon and zenith sky. Subjects were instructed to project the afterimages onto the horizon sky at eyelevel and then project the image again however after elevating the eye position by 60 degrees (using neck movements) onto the same area of the sky. This was also repeated for the zenith sky and the results yielded indicate the illusion is 1.09 times greater when the eyes are in an elevated position compared to eye level. These findings indicate the level of elevation of the eyes has an effect on the illusion magnitude and is consistent with previous findings. Proprioceptve descriptions suggest non visual components may contribute to judging distance using head direction, body posture, vestibular and kinetic information Toskovich (2009). Furthermore Toskovich suggested head tilt upwards could cause the perceived space to elongate. Figure 11 taken from (Roscoe and Acosta 2008)~figure 4. The number 0 would indicate a perfect size match and a positive value indicates an increase in size and negative vice versa. The x-axis displays the accommodative effort exerted by the visual system and the y-axis the interpretation of the moon size. Anisotropy End with (Perceived size and perceived distance of targets viewed from between the legs: Evidence for proprioceptive theory 2006) and how this supports direct perception model rather than the apparent distance model. (Therefore supports everything except this model) In another experiment 2 Toskovich (2009) measured size at the 3 distances and found size did not change in the three viewing directions and thus suggested the moon illusion may not be caused by a linear account, instead a more contributed input of vestibular information. (Higashiyama Adachi 2006) supported this theory and found the illusion disappeared when viewing through the legs. Thus suggesting the moon illusion is caused by the elevation of head tilt. An astronaut who views the moon above the horizon from low-earth orbit lacks terrain cues to distance. We now know that in this situation the illusion vanishes (Lu et al., 2006) from (Kayfman et al 2007). The terrestrial passage theory offers an alternative idea regarding the visual angle theories mentioned. It states the subjects learn to form an expected change in visual angle when viewing objects at different projections from past familiar experiences (Reed and Kuprinski, 2009). In a sample of 48 subjects this hypothesis was tested and the c