Geology Study Guide Essay

Choose the unrivaled alter primordial that best completes the bidding or answers the question.1) What sh areic number 18 the canonical differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?1)A)physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the pastB)physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in coitus to plate yarn-dyements in the geologic past historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the pastC)historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and of how erosion shapes the land surfaceD)n wholeness of the above physical geology and historical geology atomic number 18 essentially the comparable2)________ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his wr itings and teachings2) on natural philosophy and on the workings of primer.A) PappagapolisB) AristotleC) NeroD) Odysseus3)Compared to the come along of Earth accepted as chastise today, how did seventeenth and 18th century proponents3) of catastrophism envision the Earths age?A)They believed it to be ab by the kindred as current estimates, give or take a few million years. B)They believed Earth to be much jr. than current estimates C)They believed Earth to be much older than currentestimates D)None of the above they didnt truly address the age of Earth4) Which one of the pastime observations and inferences is consistent with the idea of4) uniformitarianism?A)lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from seawaterB) gritrock rolling along a stream bottom shows that deposition is moving downstream C)erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds D)all of the above5)________ was an important 18th century English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism.5) A) Isaa c NewtonB) James HuttonC) Charles LyellD) James Ussher 6)The soon accepted age of Earth is ________ years.6) A) 4.6 billionB) 6.4 millionC) 6.4 trillionD) 4.6 thousand 7)Which of the following best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?7) A)older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale B)any sedimentary deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layersC)strata with fossils are generally deposited on strata with no fossilsD)older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata8)The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.8) A) PaleozoicB) PermianC) ProterozoicD) Paleocene9)The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.9) A) asthenosphereB) eosphereC) astrosphereD) lithosphere110)A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific10) observations.A) abstractionB) lawC) hypothesisD) the ory11)All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________.11) A)the development of one or more(prenominal) working hypotheses or models to explain facts B)development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses C)assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation D)the collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement12)________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.12) A) IndigenousB) PrimaryC) IgneousD) Sedimentary13)________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.13) A) SecondaryB) SedimentaryC) metamorphicD) Igneous14)During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, direct observations showed that a glacier14) in Switzerland flowed forward in the downhill direction while its snout (terminus) was retreating high up the valley? Which of the following explains these observations in a rational, scientific way?A)cooler temperatures meant slower f orward glacier flow resulting in snout retreat B)the nipping hypothesis was finally accepted as a scientific theoryC)the melting rate of ice in the glacier exceeded the rate at which new speed of out of work and ice were added to the glacierD)rocky debris in the valley downhill from the snout was deposited by Noahs flood15)In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?15) A) core, glow, mantle, hydrosphereB) sexual core, outer core,mantle, cheek C) intragroup core, crust, mantle, hydrosphereD) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust 16)The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.16) A) biosphereB) atmosphereC) hydrosphereD) asthenosphere 17)A ________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves17) the system.A) equilibratedB) feedbackC) closedD) open18)________ is often paraphrased as the present is the key to the past.18) A) peripatetic logicB) Biblical prophecyC) CatastrophismD) Uniformitarianism 19)________, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a firm19) judgement in a very short geologic history for Earth.A) ExoschismB) UniformitarianismC) EcospherismD) Catastrophism20)The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from20) a rotating bribe of gases and dust.A) Big Band theoryB) Heliocentric theoryC) Nebular hypothesisD) Plate Tectonics theory221)The ________ is not a part of the Earths physical environment.21) A) solid EarthB) atmosphereC) hydrosphereD) astrosphere 22)________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments.22) A) LithificationB) MetamorphismC) WeatheringD) Subduction 23)Which one of the following statements is not correct?23) A)magmas crystallize to form igneous rocksB)sedimentary rocks whitethorn weather to igneous rocksC)igneous rocks can undergo metamorphismD)metamorphic rocks may melt to magma24)The composition of the core of Ear th is thought to be ________.24) A)peridotiteB) graniteC) basaltD) solid iron-nickel alloy25)The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.25) A) mantleB) outer coreC) inner coreD) crust26)The ________ is thought to be a liquid, gilded region in the Earths interior.26) A) inner coreB) lithosphereC) outer coreD) mantle27)The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.27)A) mantleB) outer coreC) inner coreD) crust28)All of the following provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earths interior except for28) ________.A)slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now assailable at Earths surface B) diamond-bearing rocksC)cometsD)meteorites29)The relatively unchangeable interior portion of a continent is known as a ________.29) A) shieldB) cratonC) clapD) platform30)Active mountain belts are most likely to be found ________.30) A)along only the eastern margins of continentsB)scattered throughout continentsC)along the margins of continentsD)in the interior regions o f continents31) The Continental ledge is located ________.31)A)between the continental rise and the abyssal plainsB)landward of the continental hucksterC)between the continental slope and continental riseD)seaward of the continental slope32) The most braggart(a) feature on the ocean floor are the ________.32) A) deep-ocean trenchesB) seamountsC) oceanic ridgesD) lava plateaus333) In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________.33)A) crystallization and coolingB) cementation and weathering C) compaction and cementationD) compaction and transportationSHORT ANSWER. salvage the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Word Analysis. catch the words and/or phrases for each question below and cook the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.34) a. hypothesisb. theoryc. factd. observation34)35) a. hydrosphereb. biospherec. atmosphered. solid Earth35) 36) a. protosunb. Oort drovec. protop lanetsd. meteorites36) 37) a. crustb. mantlec. lithosphered. core37)38) a. mountain beltb. shieldc. cratond. stable platform38) 39) a. abyssal plainb. seamountc. oceanic ridged. continental slope39) 40) a. pressureb. foliationc. hydrothermal fluidsd. melting40)TRUE/FALSE. frame T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.41)Aristotle and other prominent Greek philosophers were the first ones to foster the doctrine of41) uniformitarianism. F42)Internally, the Earth consists of spherical shells with different compositions and densities. T42) 43)The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere. F43) 44)The doctrineof uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes do the Earth44) make water been operating for a very long time. T45)The law of superposition applies primarily to sedimentary rocks and lava flows. T45) 46)The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years. F46) 47)A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific47) observations. F48)Oceans cover slightly less than half of the Earths surface. F48) 49)In an open system both energy and matter flow into and out of the system. T49) 50)According to the nebular hypothesis, all of the bodies in the universe pullulated from a rotating cloud50) of gases and dust about 5 billion years ago. F451)The lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere are all layers of Earth defined by their composition. T52)Much of our modeling of Earths interior comes from the study of seismic or earthquake waves. T53)Continental shields and stable platforms are part of the interior region known as a craton. T54)According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into another type of rock, given enough time. T55)Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud. FSHORT ANSWER. Write the wo rd or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.56)List the two, broad, traditional subject areas of geologic study. Physical, historical56) 57)The statement the present is the key to the past, describes what basic geologic concept or57) doctrine? Uniformitarianism58)The ________ states that fossil organisms succeed one another in a defined and58) determinable order. Principle of fossil succession59)In natural systems, mechanisms that drive or enhance change are calledPositive feedback59) 60)The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the Crust60) 61)The ________ is the relatively rigid zone above the asthenosphere that includes the crust61) and upper mantle. Lithosphere62)The ________ is the solid, rocky shell between the crust and outer core. Mantle62) 63)The convective flow of liquid, metallic iron in the ________ is thought to generate Earths63) magnetic field. Outer core64)Moving from the shoreline towards the deep-ocean bas in, the continental margin may64) include the continental shelf________, _slope_______, and the ___rise_____. 65)What type of rock comprises most of the exposed surface of Earth (roughly 75%)?Sedimentary 65)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statementor answers the question.66) Which of the following best defines a mineral and a rock?66)A)a mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric patternB)a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically sure arrangement a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of different rock blood cellsC)in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, midland structure a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grainsD)a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks67 )Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?67) A) neutronB) protonsC) electronD) selectron68)Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same number of ________.68) A) electrons in the valence bond levelB) electrons in the nucleus C) protons in the nucleusD) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell 69)Which of the following is an undefiled description of ionic bonding?69)A)nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleonsB)atoms of different elements, having gained or mixed-up electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite chargesC)atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of divided protonsD)nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds70) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?70) A)the atoms have different poesy of neutrons and the same number of protons B)the atoms have different numbers racket of electrons but the same number of neutrons C)the atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons D)the atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons71)What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?71) A) muscoviteB) silicateC) diamondD) native gold72)Which carbonate mineral reacts readily with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible72) bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?A) calciteB) dolomiteC) lechatelieriteD) plagioclase73)Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)?73) A) diamondB) quartzC) olivineD) calcite74)Which of the following minerals is a silicate?74)A) calciteB) haliteC) hematiteD) muscovite675)A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This75) indicates that ________.A) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartzB) gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine C) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold D) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon 76)Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations?76)A) microclineB) orthoclaseC) plagioclaseD) sanidine77)Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?77) A) muscoviteB) quartzC) hornblendeD) orthoclase78)Which of the following minerals is in the mineral group known as mica?78) A) augiteB) muscoviteC) olivineD) orthoclase79)Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?79) A)they contain magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green B)they are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements magnesium and ferrium C)they are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium D)they conta in iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic lusters80)Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?80) A) claysB) feldsparsC) carbonatesD) pyroxenes81)Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?81) A) claysB) feldsparsC) micasmicasD) ferromagnesians82)The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.82) A) 4 oxygen ionsB) 4 sodium ionsC) 6 oxygen ionsD) 6 sodium ions 83)Which one of the following describes a minerals response to mechanical impact?83) A) crystal formB) lusterC) streakD) cleavage84)Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogical forms of what industrial84) commodity?A) Portland cementB) gemstonesC) asbestosD) metallic sulfide ores85)Which of the following diseases has been linked directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust?85) A) diabetesB) lung cancerC) glaucomaD) muscular dystrophy86)Which of the following is the unit of weight used for mea suring diamonds (about 0.2 grams)?86) A) ktB) Troy ounceC) kiloD) point87)Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?87)A) caretteB) carlotC) carnotD) karat788)Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.88) A) diamondB) corundumC) emeraldD) turquoise89)All silicate minerals contain which two elements?89) A) iron, siliconB) silicon, oxygenC) oxygen, carbonD) silicon, sodium 90)Which mineral is considerably soluble in water at room temperature conditions?90) A) haliteB) diamondC) talcD) olivine91)What element is the most abundant in the Earths crust by weight?91) A) chlorineB) carbonC) oxygenD) sodium92)The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as92) ________.A) picnic lusterB) cleavageC) crystal formD) streak93)What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?93) A) isotopeB) ionC) miteD) nucleon94)An atoms mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?94) A) 13B) 7C) 6D) 1995)Which one of the following is not true for minerals?95) A)they have a specific, predictable chemical compositionB)they have a specific, internal, crystalline structureC)they can be a liquid, solid, or glassD)they can be identified by characteristic physical properties96)In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?96) A) isotopicB) subatomicC) covalentD) ionic97)How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?97) A)they are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move B)they move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions C)they react with protons to make neutrons in the outer valence shells D)they can move relatively easily from atom to atom inside the mineral98)Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earths crust?98) A) chloridesB) silicatesC) carbonatesD) sulfides99)Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles ?99) A) neutronsB) protonsC) isotronsD) electrons100)What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?100) A) electronsB) uranium nucleiC) protonsD) neutrons101)Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?101) A) goldB) quartzC) woodwind instrumentD) water8102)Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?102) A) calciteB) diamondC) talcD) quartz103)Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?103) A) fluorescenceB) virtual absorptionC) color streakD) luster104)What is the name of dark-colored mica?104)A) biotiteB) quartzC) calciteD) olivine105)Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?105) A) sheetB) take over chainsC) 3-D frameworkD) metallicSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationsh ip among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.106) a. electronb. atomc. protond. neutron106)107) a. hardnessb. streakc. lusterd. cleavage107)108) a. quartzb. olivinec. feldspard. calcite108)109) a. olivineb. quartzc. amphiboled. pyroxene109)110) a. galenab. calcitec. gypsumd. halite110)TRUE/FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.111)Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals. T112)Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions and different crystalline structures. T113)Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals. T114)Mineral luster is broadly classified as either being metallic or opaque. F115)Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers of electrons and protons. T116)Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water. T117)In a silicon-oxygen structural unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron. F118)Calcite and halite react with dilute acids to evolve carb on dioxide. F119)All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. F120)Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have quite different forms of cleavage. F121)Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. F122)The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage. T123)Nonmetallic minerals like quartz and gypsum have no industrial uses. F124)Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain some magnesium and/or iron. T125)Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction. F126)Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number. FSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.127)Mohs hardness scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals? Hardness127) 128)What physical property denotes the color of apowdered mineral? Streak128) 129)The physical property denoting a minerals tendency to crack along parallel, planar129) surfaces is known as what? C leavage130)What is the hardest mineral known? Diamond130)131)What is the chemical composition of plumbago and diamond? Carbon131) 132)In atoms, which electrons are involved in chemical bonding? The valence electrons/outer shell132) 133)A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more what? Elements133) 134)What is the dominant form of chemical bonding exhibited by minerals such as native gold,134) native copper and copper-rich sulfides? Metallic135)What two major characteristics differentiate minerals from natural glasses? highly viscous cools quickly135) 136)Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and136) curved, crack surfaces. What term describes this property? conchoidal fracture 137)Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase137) feldspar are called what? Striations138)What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical138) characterist ics of the individual elements? Atoms139)What ferromagnesian silicate mineral is named for its green color? Olivine139)140) What mineral group forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock-forming silicate140) minerals and are important constituents of soils? ClayESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.141) Label the various parts of an atom in the diagram below.11